Economic fluctuations and educational inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina / Variaciones económicas y desigualdades educativas en la mortalidad prematura por enfermedad isquémica en Argentina / Flutuações econômicas e desigualdades educacionais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica na Argentina

Abstract: Although mortality from ischemic heart disease has declined over the past decades in Argentina, ischemic heart disease remains one of the most frequent causes of death. This study aimed to describe the role of individual and contextual factors on premature ischemic heart disease mortality and to analyze how educational differentials in premature ischemic heart disease mortality changed during economic fluctuations in two provinces of Argentina from 1990 to 2018. To test the relationship between individual (age, sex, and educational level) and contextual (urbanization, poverty, and macroeconomic variations) factors, a multilevel Poisson model was estimated. When controlling for the level of poverty at the departmental level, we observed inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality according to the educational level of individuals, affecting population of low educational level. Moreover, economic expansion was related to an increase in ischemic heart disease mortality, however, expansion years were not associated with increasing educational inequalities in ischemic heart disease mortality. At the departmental level, we found no contextual association beween area-related socioeconomic level and the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality. Despite the continuing decline in ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina, this study highlighted that social inequalities in mortality risk increased over time. Therefore, prevention policies should be more focused on populations of lower socioeconomic status in Argentina.

Resumen: Si bien la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica ha disminuido en las últimas décadas en Argentina, la cardiopatía isquémica sigue siendo una de las causas más frecuentes de muerte. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir el papel de los factores individuales y contextuales en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica y analizar cómo estos cambiaron las diferencias educativas en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica durante las variaciones económicas en dos provincias de Argentina durante el periodo 1990-2018. Para probar la relación entre los factores individuales (edad, género y nivel de educación) y contextuales (urbanización, pobreza y variaciones macroeconómicas), se estimó un modelo de Poisson multinivel. Controlando el nivel de pobreza en el ámbito departamental, se observaron desigualdades en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica según el nivel de educación de los individuos, lo que afecta a la población con bajo nivel de educación; la expansión económica se relacionó con el aumento de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica; sin embargo, el periodo de expansión no estuvo asociado a aumentos de las desigualdades educativas en la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica. En el ámbito departamental no se detectó asociación entre el nivel socioeconómico de la área y el riesgo de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica. A pesar de la disminución continua de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en Argentina, este estudio destaca que las desigualdades sociales con relación al riesgo de mortalidad tuvieron un aumento con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, las políticas de prevención deberán dirigirse más a las poblaciones de menor nivel socioeconómico en Argentina.

Resumo: Embora a mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração tenha diminuído nas últimas décadas na Argentina, a doença isquêmica do coração continua sendo uma das causas mais frequentes de morte. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever o papel de fatores individuais e contextuais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração e analisar como as diferenças educacionais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração mudaram durante as flutuações econômicas em duas províncias da Argentina durante o período 1990-2018. Para testar a relação entre fatores individuais (idade, sexo e escolaridade) e contextuais (urbanização, pobreza e variações macroeconômicas), estimou-se um modelo de Poisson multinível. Controlando o nível de pobreza no nível departamental, observaram-se desigualdades na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração de acordo com o nível educacional dos indivíduos, afetando a população de baixa escolaridade; a expansão econômica esteve relacionada ao aumento da mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração; no entanto, os anos de expansão não foram associados a aumentos nas desigualdades educacionais na mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração. No nível departamental, não foi detectada uma associação contextual entre nível socioeconômico da área e risco de mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração. Apesar do contínuo declínio da mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração na Argentina, este estudo destaca que as desigualdades sociais em relação ao risco de mortalidade aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Portanto, as políticas de prevenção devem ser mais focadas nas populações de menor nível socioeconômico na Argentina.

Socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and mental health in Barcelona, 2001-2016 / Desigualdades socioeconómicas en salud percibida y salud mental en Barcelona, 2001-2016

Objective: Previous research has found persistent socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes at the national level, with different patterns after the economic crisis. However, inequalities in urban areas are also important. This study analyses socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and mental health in the city of Barcelona. Method: Repeated cross-sectional design using quinquennial data from the Barcelona Health Surveys carried out in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 for the population older than 22 years. Robust Poisson regressions models were used to compute socioeconomic gradients and relative (RII) and slope indexes of inequality (SII) by occupational social class, with stratification by sex. RII and SII were also obtained with further adjustment by employment situation. Results: A consistent socioeconomic gradient was found for all years except for 2011. Relative and absolute inequalities followed a V-shape, showing a drop during the economic crisis but widening thereafter to recover pre-crisis figures for self-assessed health and widening for mental health, in both relative and absolute terms in 2016. Adjustment for employment situation reduces inequalities but a large part of these inequalities remains, with variability across years. Conclusions: The lasting effects of the 2008 economic crisis and the austerity programmes imposed since then may have contributed to the persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and the widening of those for mental health. (AU)

Objetivo: La investigación previa ha reportado desigualdades socioeconómicas persistentes en salud en el territorio nacional, con diferentes patrones después de la crisis económica. Sin embargo, las desigualdades en las áreas urbanas son también importantes. Este estudio analiza las desigualdades en salud autopercibida y salud mental en la ciudad de Barcelona. Método: Diseño de corte transversal con datos quinquenales de la Encuesta de Salud de Barcelona llevada a cabo en 2001, 2006, 2011 y 2016 para la población mayor de 22 años. Se utilizan modelos de regresión robusta de Poisson para calcular el gradiente social y los riesgos relativo (RII) y absoluto de desigualdad (SII) por clase social ocupacional, estratificando por sexo. El RII y el SII se obtienen también ajustando adicionalmente por situación laboral. Resultados: Se encuentra un gradiente social para todos los años excepto para 2011. Se observan desigualdades relativas y absolutas en forma de V para la salud autopercibida, con una reducción durante la crisis económica, pero recuperándose a partir de esta para volver a los valores anteriores a la crisis para salud autopercibida y ampliándose para la salud mental, tanto en términos relativos como absolutos, en 2016. Ajustar por la situación laboral reduce las desigualdades, pero una gran parte de estas desigualdades permanece, con variabilidad, en los años. Conclusiones: Los efectos duraderos de la crisis económica de 2008 y los programas de austeridad impuestos desde entonces pueden haber contribuido a la persistencia de las desigualdades socioeconómicas en salud autopercibida y a su ampliación en la salud mental. (AU)

Socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and mental health in Barcelona, 2001-2016.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has found persistent socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes at the national level, with different patterns after the economic crisis. However, inequalities in urban areas are also important. This study analyses socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and mental health in the city of Barcelona. METHOD: Repeated cross-sectional design using quinquennial data from the Barcelona Health Surveys carried out in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 for the population older than 22 years. Robust Poisson regressions models were used to compute socioeconomic gradients and relative (RII) and slope indexes of inequality (SII) by occupational social class, with stratification by sex. RII and SII were also obtained with further adjustment by employment situation. RESULTS: A consistent socioeconomic gradient was found for all years except for 2011. Relative and absolute inequalities followed a V-shape, showing a drop during the economic crisis but widening thereafter to recover pre-crisis figures for self-assessed health and widening for mental health, in both relative and absolute terms in 2016. Adjustment for employment situation reduces inequalities but a large part of these inequalities remains, with variability across years. CONCLUSIONS: The lasting effects of the 2008 economic crisis and the austerity programmes imposed since then may have contributed to the persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and the widening of those for mental health.

Effects of the economic recession on suicide mortality in Brazil: interrupted time series analysis / Efectos de la recesión económica en la mortalidad por suicidio en Brasil: análisis de series de tiempo interrumpido / Efeitos da recessão econômica na mortalidade por suicídio no Brasil: análise com séries temporais interrompidas

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze trends in suicide rates in Brazil in the period before and after the start of the economic recession. Methods: interrupted time series research using national suicide data recorded in the period between 2012 and 2017 with socioeconomic subgroups analyses. Quasi-Poisson regression model was employed to analyze trends in seasonally adjusted data. Results: there was an abrupt increase in the risk of suicide after economic recession in the population with less education (12.5%; RR = 1.125; 95%CI: 1.027; 1.232) and in the South Region (17.7%; 1.044; 1.328). After an abrupt reduction, there was a progressive increase in risk for the black and brown population and for those with higher education. In most other population strata, there was a progressive increase in the risk of suicide. Conclusions: the Brazilian economic recession caused different effects on suicide rates, considering social strata, which requires health strategies and policies that are sensitive to the most vulnerable populations.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar tendencias de tasas de suicidio en Brasil, antes y después del inicio de la recesión económica. Métodos: estudio de series de tiempo interrumpido utilizando datos nacionales de suicidio registrados entre 2012 y 2017 con análisis por subgrupos socioeconómicos. Modelo de regresión quasi-Poisson empleado para analizar tendencias de datos ajustados estacionalmente. Resultados: observado aumento abrupto en el riesgo de suicidio pos recesión económica en la población con menor escolaridad (12,5%; RR = 1,125; IC95%:1,027; 1,232) y en la Región Sur (17,7%; 1,044; 1,328). Pos reducción abrupta, ocurrió aumento progresivo en el riesgo para la población de negros y pardos y de mayor escolaridad. En la mayoría de los demás estratos poblacionales, verificado aumento progresivo en el riesgo de suicidio. Conclusiones: la recesión económica brasileña produzco efectos diferentes en las tasas de suicidio, considerando los estratos sociales, lo que demanda estrategias de salud y políticas sensibles a poblaciones más vulnerables.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as tendências nas taxas de suicídio no Brasil, no período antes e depois do início da recessão econômica. Métodos: estudo de séries temporais interrompidas utilizando dados nacionais de suicídio registrados no período entre 2012 e 2017 com análises por subgrupos socioeconômicos. Modelo de regressão quasi-Poisson foi empregado para analisar as tendências dos dados ajustados sazonalmente. Resultados: observou-se aumento abrupto no risco de suicídio após recessão econômica na população com menor escolaridade (12,5%; RR = 1,125; IC95%:1,027; 1,232) e na Região Sul (17,7%; 1,044; 1,328). Após redução abrupta, ocorreu aumento progressivo no risco para a população de pretos e pardos e na de maior escolaridade. Na maioria dos demais estratos populacionais, verificou-se aumento progressivo no risco de suicídio. Conclusões: a recessão econômica brasileira produziu efeitos diferentes nas taxas de suicídio, considerando os estratos sociais, o que demanda estratégias de saúde e políticas sensíveis às populações mais vulneráveis.

Crise econômica e disparidades no gasto, oferta e utilização de serviços públicos e privados de saúde no Brasil no período entre 2011 e 2019 / Economic crisis and disparities in spending, supply, and use of public and private health services in Brazil from 2011 to 2019 / Crisis económica y disparidades en el gasto, oferta y uso de los servicios de salud públicos y privados en Brasil en el período 2011-2019

Buscou-se analisar as repercussões da crise econômica sobre os setores público e privado do sistema de saúde brasileiro e realizar uma análise de tendência de indicadores econômicos e assistenciais, elaborados a partir de dados secundários de fontes públicas oficiais, relacionados ao gasto, ao desempenho econômico de planos e seguros de saúde, à oferta e utilização de serviços. Os resultados demonstraram estagnação do gasto público em saúde, redução do gasto público per capita e do acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde. Contrariamente, em um contexto de queda da renda e do emprego, os planos de saúde mantiveram clientes, ampliaram as receitas, os lucros e a produção assistencial. O desempenho positivo das empresas, antes e a partir da crise, pode ser explicado pela tendência de manutenção de subsídios públicos para o setor privado e pelas estratégias empresariais financeirizadas. Conclui-se que a atuação do Estado brasileiro durante a crise aprofundou a restrição de recursos ao setor público e favoreceu a expansão dos serviços privados, o que contribuiu para aumentar a discrepância no acesso a serviços públicos e privados de saúde no país.

This study sought to analyze the repercussions of the economic crisis on the public and private sectors of the Brazilian health system and perform a trend analysis of economic and care indicators, based on secondary data from official public sources related to spending, the economic performance of health plans and insurance, and the supply and use of services. The results showed stagnation of public spending on health, as well as reduction of per capita public spending and of access to public health services. On the contrary, in a context of falling income and employment, health plans retained customers, increased revenues, profits, and their care production. The positive performance of companies, before and after the crisis, can be explained by the trend of maintaining public subsidies for the private sector and by financialized business strategies. We conclude that the actions of the Brazilian government during the crisis deepened the restriction of resources to the public sector and favored the expansion of private services, which thus contributed to increase the discrepancy in access to public and private health services in the country.

Se pretende analizar las repercusiones de la crisis económica en los sectores público y privado del sistema de salud brasileño y realizar un análisis de tendencia de los indicadores económicos y asistenciales, con base en datos secundarios de fuentes públicas oficiales relacionados con el gasto, el desempeño económico de los planes y seguros de salud, a la oferta y uso de servicios. Los resultados mostraron estancamiento del gasto público en salud, reducción del gasto público per cápita y del acceso a los servicios públicos de salud. Por el contrario, en un contexto de descenso de ingresos y de empleo, los seguros médicos mantuvieron sus clientes, aumentaron los ingresos, las ganancias y la producción asistencial. El buen desempeño de las empresas antes y después de la crisis se debe a la tendencia a mantener los subsidios públicos en el sector privado y a las estrategias empresariales financiarizadas. Se concluye que las acciones del Estado brasileño durante la crisis profundizaron la restricción de recursos al sector público y favorecieron la expansión de los servicios privados, lo que contribuyó a aumentar la discrepancia en el acceso a los servicios de salud públicos y privados en el país.

A pandemia de Covid-19 e seus entrelaçamentos com desigualdade de gênero, insegurança alimentar e apoio social na América Latina / The Covid-19 pandemic and its linkages with gender inequality, food insecurity and social support in Latin America / La pandemia de Covid-19 y sus entrelazamientos con la desigualdad de género, la inseguridad alimentaria y el apoyo social en América Latina

Enquanto crises econômicas desencadeiam o aumento da insegurança alimentar (IA) e da desigualdade de gênero (DG), o apoio social tem mostrado aliviar esses impactos. No entanto, diferentemente de outros choques econômicos, a pandemia de Covid-19 incluiu no cenário de crise o isolamento social. Este estudo utilizou dados de pesquisa transversal coletados em 18 países da América Latina (AL) para avaliar as mudanças nas percepções de DG e sua associação com a IA e o apoio social durante período de crise econômica na região. Os resultados mostraram aumentos graduais nas percepções de DG na AL e que os entrevistados com IA e baixo apoio social eram os mais propensos a perceber a DG. Mulheres são mais vulneráveis à IA e à violência doméstica, e o isolamento social pode ser um agravante. Políticas públicas devem garantir que mulheres tenham maior controle sobre a renda e bens produtivos. (AU)

Social support has been shown to mitigate increased food insecurity (FI) and gender inequality (GI) triggered by economic crises. However, unlike other shocks to the economy, the crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic included social isolation. This study used data from a cross-sectional study collected in 18 countries in Latin America to evaluate changes in perceptions of GI and its association with FI and social support in the region during the economic crisis. The findings show a gradual increase in perceptions of GI in FI and that interviewees suffering from FI and low levels of social support were more likely to perceive GI. Women are more vulnerable to FI and domestic violence, and social isolation may be an aggravating factor. Public policy should ensure that women have greater control over income and productive assets. (AU)

Mientras que las crisis económicas desencadenan el aumento de la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y la desigualdad de género (DG), el apoyo social muestra un alivio de esos impactos. Sin embargo, diferentemente de otros impactos económicos, la pandemia de Covid-19 incluyó en el escenario de crisis el aislamiento social. Este estudio utilizó datos de investigación transversal colectados en 18 países de AL, para evaluar los cambios en las percepciones de la DG y su asociación con la IA y el apoyo social durante el período de crisis económica en la región. Los resultados mostraron aumentos graduales en las percepciones de la DG en AL y que los entrevistados con IA y bajo apoyo social eran los más propensos a percibir la DG. Las mujeres son más vulnerables a la IA y a la violencia doméstica y el aislamiento social puede ser un agravante. Las políticas públicas deben asegurar que las mujeres tengan mayor control sobre los ingresos y los bienes productivos. (AU)

[The perspective of migrants on access to health care in the context of austerity policies in Andalusia (Spain)]. / La perspectiva de personas migrantes sobre el acceso a la atención sanitaria en el contexto de políticas de austeridad en Andalucía.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an assessment of migrant people regarding their access to the health system following entry into force of Royal Decree-Law 16/2012 along with the impact of economic cuts on such access. METHOD: Qualitative phenomenological study with semi-structured interviews, conducted in Andalusia (Spain), in two phases (2009-2010 and 2012-2013), with 36 participants. The sample was segmented by length of stay, nationality and area of residence. The nationalities of origin are Bolivia, Morocco and Romania. RESULTS: Elements facilitating access in both periods: regular administrative situation, possession of Individual Health Card, knowledge of the language, social networks and information. The results show differences in access to health care for migrants before and after the enforcement of the RDL 16/2012, within austerity policies. In the second period, access barriers such as waiting times or incompatibility of schedules are aggravated and the socio-economic and administrative conditions of participants worsen. CONCLUSIONS: The design of policies, economic and regulatory health care, should take into account barriers and facilitators of access as fundamental main points of health protection for migrants and, therefore, for the general population.

Solidarity outpatient clinics in Greece: a survey of a massive social movement.

OBJECTIVE: Until 2016, around 3 million persons had limited access to health care in Greece due to the economic crisis. We describe a massive solidarity movement of community clinics and pharmacies in Greece. METHOD: We conducted a survey in 2014-15 and describe the characteristics of community clinics and pharmacies spontaneously established all over Greece after 2008. RESULTS: A characteristic of the 92 active solidarity clinics is autonomous collective functioning, free services, and funding from non-governmental sources. The largest clinics examined more than 500 uninsured or partly insured patients per month. Clinics covered a wide range of clinical and preventive services. Funding, availability of drugs, vaccines, medical material and their legal status were the main problems identified. The solidarity movement involved thousands of health professionals covering essential population needs. CONCLUSIONS: The community outpatient clinics were an outstanding example of solidarity and temporarily alleviated the health needs of a large part of the population.

El efecto de la crisis económica sobre la salud en España según el nivel educativo y la relación con la actividad: ¿importa también la duración de la crisis? / The effect of the economic crisis on health in Spain according to educational level and employment status: Does the duration of the crisis also matter?

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo es explorar el posible efecto que la crisis económica ha tenido sobre la salud de la población nacida en España en edad adulta previa a la jubilación (entre 30 y 59 años). Específicamente, a partir de los datos de la European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) para los años 2006, 2010 y 2014 analizamos diferencias en la salud autopercibida según su perfil socioeconómico y la posición que ocupan en el hogar. Nuestros resultados muestran que la salud de los hombres y las mujeres tienen niveles de asociación similares con ciertos factores (por ejemplo, nivel educativo) y diferenciados con otros (la salud de la mujer es ligeramente más sensible al nivel de los ingresos del hogar, mientras la salud de los hombres a su propio estado de empleo). Finalmente, mientras que en el primer periodo se observan mejoras sustanciales en la salud autopercibida en casi todos los grupos socioeconómicos, en el segundo periodo no hay casi ningún cambio e incluso, para algunos hombres con un perfil más desfavorecido (inactivos con educación baja), la salud empeoró.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to explore the possible impact of the economic crisis on the health of the Spanish-born population not of retirement age (between 30 and 59 years). Specifically, using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the years 2006, 2010 and 2014, we analyze differences in self-perceived health by socioeconomic profile and position occupied in the household. According to our results, the health of men and women show similar levels of association with certain factors (such as education) and different levels with others (women's health is more sensitive to household income level while men's is more sensitive to employment status). Finally, while substantial improvements in self-perceived health were observed during the first period in almost all socioeconomic groups, during the second period there was almost no change, and for the most disadvantaged men (inactive in the labor market and with low educational levels), health worsened.

Suicide, unemployment, and economic recession in Spain. / Suicidio, desempleo y recesión económica en España.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present work is to determine the association between unemployment and suicide, and to investigate whether this association is affected by changes in the economic cycle or other variables such as age and sex. METHODS: A time-trend analysis was conducted to study changes in the number of suicides between 1999 and 2013 in Spain. Pearson's correlation coefficients and regression models were used to find the association between unemployment and suicide. RESULTS: A significant positive association was found between unemployment and suicide in the pre-crisis period in men. In that period (1999-2007), each 1% annual increase in unemployment was associated with a 6.90% increase in the annual variation of suicide in the total population, and with a 9.04% increase in the annual variation of suicide in working age men. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between unemployment and suicide is significant in periods of economic stability, but has weakened during the recent financial crisis. Unemployment and suicide have a complex relationship modulated by age, sex and economic cycle.

[Contextual indicators to assess social determinants of health and the Spanish economic recession]. / Indicadores contextuales para evaluar los determinantes sociales de la salud y la crisis económica española.

OBJECTIVE: To provide indicators to assess the impact on health, its social determinants and health inequalities from a social context and the recent economic recession in Spain and its autonomous regions. METHODS: Based on the Spanish conceptual framework for determinants of social inequalities in health, we identified indicators sequentially from key documents, Web of Science, and organisations with official statistics. The information collected resulted in a large directory of indicators which was reviewed by an expert panel. We then selected a set of these indicators according to geographical (availability of data according to autonomous regions) and temporal (from at least 2006 to 2012) criteria. RESULTS: We identified 203 contextual indicators related to social determinants of health and selected 96 (47%) based on the above criteria; 16% of the identified indicators did not satisfy the geographical criteria and 35% did not satisfy the temporal criteria. At least 80% of the indicators related to dependence and healthcare services were excluded. The final selection of indicators covered all areas for social determinants of health, and 62% of these were not available on the Internet. Around 40% of the indicators were extracted from sources related to the Spanish Statistics Institute. CONCLUSIONS: We have provided an extensive directory of contextual indicators on social determinants of health and a database to facilitate assessment of the impact of the economic recession on health and health inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions.

Attempted suicides attended by emergency services during the economic recession in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. / Evolución de la tentativa suicida atendida por los Servicios de Emergencias Médicas de Castilla-La Mancha tras la crisis económica.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in attempted suicide rates in Castile-La Mancha between 2006 and 2015 and the correlation with sociodemographic and economic indicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study of attempted suicides attended by the emergency medical services of Castile-La Mancha between 2006 and 2015.We obtained records of the number of incidents and recorded sociodemographic and economic variables. Rates were standardized by direct reference to regional population figures, and change over time was studied by means of segmented Poisson regression models. The correlation with economic indicators was assessed with the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 1308 attempted suicides were attended; 711 (55.8%) were made by women. The years 2007 and 2013 saw the highest numbers of attempts. The population-standardized suicide rates were 23% higher in women than in men, 10% higher in Toledo than in Albacete, 20% higher in 2007-2008 and 30% to 40% higher between 2012 and 2015 than before the crisis began. Rates were higher in age brackets in which employment is usual. Rates correlated most strongly with economic strain (difficulty making it to the end of the monthly pay cycle) (r=0.29, P<.01), risk of poverty/exclusion in the region (r=0.285, P<.01), and the unemployment rate in the region (r=0.265, P<.01). CONCLUSION: . Suicide rates rose during the economic recession. There were variable correlations between socioeconomic indicators and attempted suicide rates.

OBJETIVO: Investigar la evolución de la tentativa suicida en Castilla La Mancha entre 2006 y 2015, y su correlación con factores sociodemográficos y económicos. METODO: Estudio de una serie de casos incidentes de tentativa suicida atendidos por los Servicios de Emergencias Médicas de Castilla La Mancha entre 2006 y 2015. Se recogieron el número de incidentes y variables demográficas, sociales y económicas. Las tasas fueron estandarizadas de manera directa, tomando como referencia al total de población de la región. El impacto del cambio temporal de las tasas se estudió con modelos de Poisson segmentados. La correlación con los indicadores económicos se evaluó con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: . Se atendieron 1.308 incidentes de tentativa suicida, de los cuales 711 (55,8%) fueron en mujeres. La distribución global reveló máximos entre los años 2007 y 2013. Se obtuvo una razón de tasas estandarizadas un 23% mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres, un 10% más en Toledo que en Albacete, y un 20% mayor en 2007-2008 y un 30-40% mayor entre 2012-2015 que previamente a la crisis. La tasa fue mayor en las cohortes en edad laboral. La tasa se correlacionó principalmente con las tasas de hogares con dificultad para llegar a fin de mes (0,29 p < 0,01), riesgo de pobreza/exclusión regional (0,285, p < 0,01) y paro regional (0,265, p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: La tasa de tentativa suicida se ha incrementado durante la crisis económica. La tasa muestra una correlación variable con indicadores socioeconómicos.

Food consumption frequency and excess body weight in adolescents in the context of financial crisis in Barcelona (Spain).

OBJECTIVES: To describe food consumption frequency in adolescents in the context of the financial crisis in 2012, and to analyse potential fluctuations in excess body weight between 2008 and 2012. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of eating habits and excess body weight was conducted in adolescents aged 13 to 19 years old from public, subsidised and private secondary schools in Barcelona, Spain. The FRESC lifestyle risk factors survey was used, and food frequency consumption, food recommendations and body mass index were analysed according to gender, year of education and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Girls ate vegetables and fruits more frequently than boys, while the prevalence of junk food consumption was higher in boys. The prevalence of compliance with food recommendations was lower than 50% for all foods, and gender and socioeconomic differences were found for eggs, red meat and soft drinks. Regarding excess body weight, boys had a higher prevalence than girls in the 2 years analysed. Furthermore, a reduction in excess body weight was observed among girls in secondary education in the highest socioeconomic groups (28.7% [95% CI: 24.8-32.6%] in 2008 to 20.5% [95% CI: 17.1-23.8%] in 2012). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of adolescents following food recommendations is low, and gender differences were found in terms of food consumption frequency, even in the context of financial crisis. There is a need to promote programmes and policies to reduce inequalities related to eating habits and excess body weight in adolescents.

[Effect of the economic crisis on consumption of psychotropic drugs in Asturias (Spain)]. / Efecto de la crisis económica sobre el consumo de psicofármacos en Asturias.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the economic crisis of 2008 has changed the consumption of anxiolytics, hypnotics-sedatives and antidepressants in Asturias (Spain). METHOD: We conducted a descriptive study of drug use from 2003 -2013. The defined daily doses of 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD) were calculated for anxiolytics, hypnotics-sedatives and antidepressants. Linear regression coefficients (b) of the DHD were obtained for the pre-crisis period (2003-2008) and the crisis period (2009-2013). RESULTS: The consumption of anxiolytics increased by 40.25%, that of hypnotics by 88.11% and that of antidepressants by 80.93%. For anxiolytics: b-(2003-2008)=4.38 DDI/year and b-(2009-2013)=1.08 DDI/year. For hypnotics-sedatives: b-(2003-2008)=2.30 DDI/year and b-(2009-2013)=0.40 DDI/year. For antidepressants: b-(2003-2008)=5.79 DDI/year and b-(2009-2013)=2.83 DDI/year. CONCLUSIONS: The rise in consumption of the three subgroups during the crisis period was lower than that of the pre-crisis period. This study does not confirm the influence of the economic crisis on the rise in consumption of these drugs.

Recesión económica (2006-2012) y cambios en el estado de salud de la población española / Economic recession (2006-2012) and changes in the health status of the Spanish population

Objetivo. Analizar la relación de los problemas de salud mental en población española con la recesión económica (2006-2012) y establecer en qué sentido afecta a la autopercepción del estado de salud. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal comparativo utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España, 2006/2007 y 2011/2012. Mediante modelos de regresión logística, se analizaron tres indicadores relacionados con la salud mental y la salud percibida. Resultados. En 2011/2012 aumentó el consumo de medicamentos ansiolíticos y somníferos en hombres y mujeres. La disfunción mental aumentó durante el periodo de crisis económica en la población de varones. La percepción de una salud óptima no sufrió cambios significativos en hombres ni en mujeres. Conclusiones. La recesión económica mostró una relación variable con la salud mental y general de la población, y coincidió con un aumento de los trastornos de salud mental, como la ansiedad.

Objective. To analyze the relationship of mental health problems in Spanish population with the economic recession (2006-2012), and find out how it affects the self-perception of health status. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study using the National Health Survey of Spain, 2006/2007 and 2011/2012. Using logistic regression models, three indicators linked to mental health and perceived health were analyzed. Results. In 2011/2012 the consumption of anti-anxiety medications and sleeping pills increased in men and women. Mental dysfunction increased during the economic crisis in the male population. The perception of optimal health did not suffer significantly in either men or women. Conclusions. The economic recession showed a changing relation to the mental and general health of the population, coinciding with an increase in mental health disorders, such as anxiety.

[The health of adults undergoing an eviction process]. / La salud de las personas adultas afectadas por un proceso de desahucio.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze perceived health status and other health-related indicators in the adult population in Granada (Spain) undergoing an eviction process from their homes, whether rented or owned, in comparison with health indicators in the general adult population in Andalusia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered by trained staff. The survey included instruments from the Andalusian Health Survey 2011 for measuring variables related to physical and mental health, as well as health-related habits. We compared the results with those obtained from the Andalusian general population through the Andalusian Health Survey. A bivariate analysis using the χ2 test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS: We obtained a total sample of 205 people in the process of eviction. A total of 59.5% (n=122) were women, and 40.5% (n=83) were men. Participants were more likely to have poor health (odds ratio [OR]: 12.63, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.74-18.27), have cardiovascular diseases (OR: 3.08; 95%CI: 1.54- 6.16), or to smoke (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.21-2.33) compared with the Andalusian general population. Most of the health indicators analyzed showed a worse outcome for women undergoing an eviction process. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, in the current context of economic crisis, people undergoing a process of eviction in Granada and its metropolitan area show poorer health than the Andalusian general population. Further research is needed on health and evictions from different methodological approaches, for a better understanding of the topic.

The importance of leadership and management skills in dental practices to attract and retain patients in periods of economic recession / La importancia de la gestión directiva y liderazgo en la práctica de la odontología para atraer y conservar pacientes en periodos de recesión económica

To test the hypothesis that leadership and management skills protect dental practices against the effects of an economic recession. Methods: This was a cross-sectional exploratory study. Dentists (n= 232)were randomly selected to participate in an online survey in which they were asked about their practice activity. Results: A total of 162 questionnaires were returned (response rate 70 percent). Results indicated that improved leadership and management skills are positively related to the probability that a practice remained stable or increased its productivity during the economic recession: OR=2.39 (95 percent CI; 1.08-5.3). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dental practices applying leadership and management skills are related to attract and retain patients, as measured by increased numbers of both initial consultations and continued patronage (return visits); and keep the economic crisis’ impact on revenue manageable...

Contrastar la hipótesis de que las habilidades en liderazgo y gestión directiva de los odontólogosproporcionan una ventaja comparativa en el manejo de la actividad profesional en periodos de recesión económica. Material y método: Estudio exploratorio de corte transversal. Utilizamos los datos procedentes de una encuesta sobre actividad en el consultorio realizada a 232 odontólogos seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 162 cuestionarios válidos (tasa derespuesta del 70 por ciento). Los resultados sugieren que la mejorade las habilidades de liderazgo y de gestión se relacionan positivamente con la probabilidad de aumentar o mantenerestable la facturación del consultorio en tiempos de recesión económica: OR=2.39 (IC del 95 por ciento, 1.08-5.3). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que las habilidadesde liderazgo y gestión aplicadas a la práctica de la odontología están relacionadas con la capacidad de atraernuevos pacientes y conservar los actuales, en términos tanto del número de primeras visitas como del retorno depacientes; lo que permite atenuar el impacto de la crisis sobre la facturación del consultorio...

[Right of access to healthcare in the context of the Royal Decree-Law 16/2012: the perspective of civil society organizations and professional associations]. / El derecho de acceso sanitario en el contexto del Real Decreto-ley 16/2012: la perspectiva de organizaciones de la sociedad civil y asociaciones profesionales.

OBJECTIVE: The recent publication of the Royal Decree-Law 16/2012 (RDL 16/2012), which introduces structural changes in the Spanish Public Healthcare System, can be placed in the broader context of budgetary adjustments in response to the current economic crisis. An analysis of the interrelationships among economic crisis, healthcare policies, and health reveals that citizen participation is one of several potential strategies for reducing the impact of this situation on the population. This observation raises the interest to know the citizens' perspectives on the modifications introduced by the RDL 16/2012. METHODS: Narrative review of documents related to the RDL 16/2012 published by civil society organizations and professional associations in the Spanish context. RESULTS: A broad citizen response can be observed to the introduction of RDL 16/2012. The documents reviewed include an analysis of changes in the healthcare model inherent to the RDL 16/2012, as well as predictions on its impact on access to healthcare, healthcare quality, and health. The civil society organizations and professional associations offer recommendations and proposals, as well as collaboration in elaborating alternative strategies to reduce costs. CONCLUSIONS: The response of civil society organizations and professional associations underscores the importance of strengthening citizen participation in the development of healthcare policies aimed at maintaining the universal character and sustainability of the Spanish Public Healthcare System in the current moment of economic and systemic crisis.

Juventud, políticas públicas y crisis en España: triángulo mágico o triángulo de las Bermudas? / Youth, public policies and crisis in Spain: magic triangle or Bermuda Triangle? / Juventude, políticas públicas e crise na Espanha: Triângulo mágico ou Triângulo das Bermudas?

En tiempos de crisis, las políticas de juventud están experimentando enormes recortes y transformaciones hasta el punto que hemos llegado a preguntarnos si realmente existen como políticas públicas con entidad propia. La situación en la que se encuentran muchos sujetos jóvenes en España les lleva a preguntarse dónde están las redes de protección tradicionales: la familia, las ONG’s o el Estado de Bienestar, cuando realmente se los necesita. Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es presentar y discutir la situación de las políticas de juventud en España en el contexto actual de austeridad y drásticos recortes sociales. Este análisis lo llevamos a cabo a partir de los parámetros del triángulo mágico que unen las políticas, la investigación y el trabajo social con jóvenes.

In times of crisis, the youth policies are experiencing enormous cutbacks and transformations to the point that we are wondering whether they really exist as public policies with their own entity. The situation in which many young people find themselves in Spain leads them to wonder where the traditional protection networks are: The family, the NGO’s or the Welfare State, when they are really needed. Our objective in this article is to show and discuss the situation of the youth policies in Spain in the present context of social austerity and drastic cutbacks. We carry out this analysis from the parameters of the magical triangle that unite policies, research and social work with young people.

Em tempos de crise, as políticas de juventude estão enfrentando enormes cortes e transformações ao ponto de nos perguntarmos se as políticas públicas existem realmente com entidade própria. A situação em que se encontram muitos jovens na Espanha faz que eles agora se perguntem onde estão as redes tradicionais de segurança: a família, as ONGs ou o estado do bemestar, quando você realmente precisa delas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir a situação na Espanha, em relação às políticas públicas para a juventude no contexto atual de austeridade e de cortes drásticos de bem-estar. Analisamos a situação dos jovens e das politicas de juventude na Espanha, através dos parâmetros do triângulo mágico ligando política, pesquisa e trabalho social com jovens.

[Lessons from abroad. Current and previous crisis in other countries. SESPAS report 2014]. / Lecciones desde fuera. Otros países en ésta y otras crisis anteriores. Informe SESPAS 2014.

The evidence available on the impact of previous crises on health reveals different patterns attributable to study designs, the characteristics of each crisis, and other factors related to the socioeconomic and political context. There is greater consensus on the mediating role of government policy responses to financial crises. These responses may magnify or mitigate the adverse effects of crises on population health. Some studies have shown a significant deterioration in some health indicators in the context of the current crisis, mainly in relation to mental health and communicable diseases. Alcohol and tobacco use have also declined in some European countries. In addition, this crisis is being used by some governments to push reforms aimed at privatizing health services, thereby restricting the right to health and healthcare. Specifically, action is being taken on the three axes that determine health system financing: the population covered, the scope of services, and the share of the costs covered. These measures are often arbitrarily implemented based on ideological decisions rather than on the available evidence and therefore adverse consequences are to be expected in terms of financial protection, efficiency, and equity.